Health Organization for Pudendal Education

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23607175
Lijec Vjesn. 2013 Jan-Feb;135(1-2):33-40.
[Piriformis muscle syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy].
[Article in Croatian]
Grgić V.
Source
vjekoslav.grgic@zg.t-com.hr
Abstract
The term 'piriformis syndrome' (PS), introduced by Robinson in 1947, implies a group of signs and symptoms caused by piriformis muscle (PM) disorders. Since PM disorders lead to irritation/compression of the anatomic structures passing under its belly, the main clinical PS signs and symptoms are actually the clinical signs and symptoms of irritation/ compression of neural and vascular structures passing through the infrapiriform foramen: sciatic nerve/SN, inferior gluteal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, pudendal nerve, inferior gluteal artery and vein and inferior pudendal artery and vein. The clinical picture is usually dominated by signs and symptoms of irritation/compression of SN (SN irritation --> low back and buttock pain, sciatica,paresthesias in distribution of SN; SN compression --> low back and buttock pain,sciatica, paresthesias and neurologic deficit in distribution of SN). Irritation/compression of other structures can result in the following signs and symptoms: inferior gluteal nerve --> atrophy of gluteal muscles; posterior femoral cutaneous nerve --> pain, paresthesias and sensory disturbances in the posterior thigh; pudendal nerve --> pudendal neuralgia, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), sexual dysfunction, urination and defecation problems; inferior gluteal artery --> ischemic buttock pain; inferior pudendal artery --> ischemic pain in the area of external sex organs, perineum and rectum, sexual dysfunction, urination and defecation problems; inferior gluteal vein --> venous stasis in gluteal area; inferior pudendal vein --> venous stasis in external sex organs and rectum. Functional/non-organic and organic PM disorders can cause PS: spasm, shortening, hypertrophy, anatomic variations, edema, fibrosis, adhesions, hematoma, atrophy, cyst, bursitis, abscess, myositis ossificans, endometriosis, tumors (functional disorders: PM spasm and shortening). The most common causes for PS are PM spasm, shortening and hypertrophy and anatomic variations of PM and SN. In 5-6% of patients with low back pain and/or unilateral sciatica, the pain is caused by PM disorders. PS diagnosis can be made on the basis of anamnesis, clinical picture, clinical examination, EMNG, perisciatic anesthetic block of PM and radiological exams (pelvis/PM MRI; MR neurography of LS plexus and SN). PS therapy includes medicamentous therapy, physical therapy, kynesitherapy, acupuncture, therapeutic perisciatic blocks, botulinum toxin injections and surgical treatment (tenotomy of PM, neurolysis of SN).

Hi Violet,
I just read your post from NCBI about Piriformis Syndrome. Since I last checked in I saw Dr. Hibner (real nice Dr). Unfortunately, I thought he would do more testing. In my visit with Hibner I saw his PA and pelvic physical therapist. They did an evaluation and I did have a pudendal nerve block (which I did not get much relief from) and he thinks my issue lies more with my hip. He did not have a pelvic MRI ordered (which I wish I could have had done). I have been seeing a therapist he recommended. She is a good therapist for me (unfortunately after 4 sessions she had to take maternity leave). I have had several injections that have been recommended by this therapist that I feel have helped chip away at my issues (Ischial tuberosity, psoas, Ilioinguinal and iliohypgastic (sp), psoas, and next week I go for a piriformis and SI joint injection. I still cannot go for walks without flair ups. My therapist noticed that I have atrophied internally and around muscles in the backside. At this point my therapist is gone for three months and I am under the guidance of a pain specialist. Do you have any suggestions? I don't know what to do...so frustrating for me and still in pain. Should I find an interim therapist or go back to Hibner? Piriformis syndrome sounds suspiciously similar to some of my pain...adductor tightness, perineal pain, and buttock pain.

Thanks Violet

Finding a good interim therapist would make sense if you can find one because you don't want to let things get worse and lose what you have already gained. Unless there is a specific treatment you want to pursue with Dr. Hibner it might not be worth the trip without at least finishing giving PT a try first -- unless of course, you live in Phoenix or nearby.

Violet